The outset of the Korean War coincided with a program to convert jet aircraft from use of JP-1 grade fuel to JP-3 grade jet fuel. The wide-range distillate-type turbine fuel originated in the USA and evolved to the current jet propulsion JP-4 military fuel where readily available gasoline fractions were used to supplement the basic kerosene type of fuel. In Europe, gasoline was less available, so kerosene-based jet fuels prevailed.
The schedule was completed by Misfueling is simply fueling with the wrong grade of fuel. Exposure may occur during handling, storage, or engine maintenance. JP4 and JP5 are jet engine fuels.
JP4 is 65 percent kerosene and 35 percent gasoline, while JP5 is kerosene. AVGAS is used to power piston engines, while jet fuel is used to to power jet engines. Gasoline type fuels are not used to any large extent in aircraft turbojet and turboprop engines because of poor lubricating properties as compared to kerosene type fuels and because of lead additives which have an adverse effect on aircraft turbine engines.
These jet fuels are called wide-cut because the kerosene is cut with gasoline. They are also called wide-range, because of the wide range of boiling temperatures. These distillate-type turbine fuels originated in the USA where readily available gasoline fractions were used to supplement the basic kerosene type of fuel. In Europe, gasoline was less available after World War II, so these kerosene-based jet fuels prevailed. This higher flash point fuel is used to some extent in Presidential Fleet aircraft and is required by the Navy for fire safety purposes aboard aircraft carriers.
All 4 types may be utilized in turbojet and turboprop engines with certain restrictions. Only aviation gasoline, because of its high volatility and minimum octane requirements, is suitable for use in reciprocating engines. A Primary Fuel is the fuel or fuels used during aircraft tests to demonstrate system performance contract compliance through the complete operating range for any steady state and transient operating condition.
An Alternate Fuel is a fuel authorized for continuous use. The operating limits, thrust outputs and thrust transients, shall not be adversely affected. The applicable aircraft flight manual shall define limitations, if any, of a significant nature on aircraft performance parameters such as range, altitude, loiter time, or rate of climb, and engine performance parameters, such as specific fuel consumption or starting and stopping time.
The use of an alternate fuel may result in a change of maintenance or overhaul cost. External engine trim adjustments may be necessary or desirable for use of an alternate fuel. An Emergency Fuel is a fuel which may cause significant damage to the engine or other systems; therefore, its use shall be limited to 1 flight. The applicable aircraft flight manual or system manager should be consulted regarding operating restrictions and post flight maintenance actions necessary when using an emergency fuel.
Engines using a higher than specified grade of fuel may develop spark plug fouling and require increased maintenance. Refer to flight manuals for spark plug anti fouling procedures. The aircraft must be operated TAW limits established for the lower grade. General use of any fuel is limited to operations where the temperature of the fuel remains above the freezing point.
Slush particles of frozen fuel is formed at the freezing point and as the temperature is lowered, the liquid fuel will be converted to a solid state. Slush formations can cause blockage of fuel filters, pumps, and lines, resulting in engine flame out.
Engine restarts under such conditions become practically impossible. JP-5 JP-5 is a high flash point kerosine meeting the requirements of the U. More in Aviation fuels. Shell Water Detector A fuel water detector can be used in jet fuel to find out if there is any water that cannot be seen with the naked eye.
Grades and Specifications A full guide to the various grades and specifications of aviation gasolines and jet fuels and additives. It has a higher flash point than the JP-8, a feature that makes it appropriate for use in planes loaded on aircraft carriers, in which the risk of fire is greater.
The quality of JP-8 is assured in all stages of production by means of rigorous controls which guarantee strict compliance with the MIL-DTL military regulation. Our commitment is to maintain the quality of JP-8, assuring the absence of contamination with other fuels and the elimination of its greatest enemies: water, microbiological contamination and solid particles. Additionally, the additive process is carried out according to rigorous procedures focused on assuring that the fuel supplied to aircraft meets all quality standards and the client's technical requirements.
There are at least 17 variants in use in the US military , from ambulances to versions that carry Avenger Pedestal Mounted Stinger platforms pictured below. Fuel Economy of the Humvee: It varies, but generally less than 12 miles per gallon of diesel fuel.
Usually around 8 on the highway and 4 in the city. MoGas is motor vehicle gas or gasoline. MoGas generally is cheaper than AvGas. Pilots flying experimental aircraft tend to use MoGas more than pilots flying manufactured aircraft. MOGAS is commercial gasoline identical to that supplied to gas stations for automobile use. Most vehicles and equipment are brought aboard fully loaded with fuel, and additional MOGAS is carried in portable drums or containers.
Avgas aviation gasoline , also known as aviation spirit in the UK , is an aviation fuel used in spark-ignited internal-combustion engines to propel aircraft. Avgas is distinguished from mogas motor gasoline , which is the everyday gasoline used in motor vehicles and some light aircraft. Jet fuel there's variants, but a very common one is known as Jet A is really close to regular old diesel fuel.
And, for that matter, kerosene.
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